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NASA's jet propulsion laboratory

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presents

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the Von Carmen lecture a series of Talks

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by scientists and Engineers who are

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exploring our planet our solar system

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and all that lies Beyond

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[Music]

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good evening folks wherever you may be I

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am Brian White from jpl's Office of

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communications and education and welcome

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to the Von Carmen series

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the Von Carmen talks are a monthly

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opportunity to engage with you the

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public this is your space program now as

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a reminder if we have any technical

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difficulties we ask that your patients

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as we get them sorted out because

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tonight we get to celebrate an

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anniversary the Mars 2020 Rover

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perseverance has been on Mars for the

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past year there's a lot to get to to

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talk about tonight so let's get started

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I'm going to first introduce our

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questions co-host Nikki Wyrick hi Nikki

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hi hi Brian it's good to see you for

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those of you joining us this evening

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please remember that we want you to get

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involved in the conversation as Brian

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said it is your space program so whether

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you're following Along on YouTube

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Facebook or LinkedIn put your questions

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in the chat to our diligent social media

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team and we will get to as many as we

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can if you don't see the chat make sure

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to refresh your page and you should see

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it then

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back over you Brian

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thank you very much Nikki now we have

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two incredible and accomplished speakers

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this evening and will be sprinkling in

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your audience questions throughout the

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talk our first Speaker holds a

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bachelor's in aerospace engineering from

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the Massachusetts Institute of

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Technology and a master of science

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degree and the same from the University

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of Southern California in the 30 years

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since her initial hiring here at the jet

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propulsion laboratory she has held

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critical engineering leadership roles on

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every spacecraft who have roved the

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surface of Mars she joined the

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perseverance team in 2015 and has held

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several leadership roles during the

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development and operations of the

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mission she is now the project manager

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of the Mars 2020 perseverance Rover

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please welcome Jennifer Trosper hi

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Jennifer

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hi Brian it's great to be here and it's

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a fun day to be here on our one year

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anniversary

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thank you for being here on this fun day

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thank you for taking the time

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um let's talk a little bit about

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engineering but let's talk about as you

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said a year into the mission

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it's I know it's going to be hard to

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narrow it down but what are one or two

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highlights of this past year

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well it is the what I call the land

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diversary so our one year anniversary of

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landing and certainly a huge highlight

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of the last year was February 18 2021 so

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let's go ahead and play the video to

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propulsion go CDL please

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we have Dean perseverance ready to

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execute entry descent and landing on her

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own

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confirmation of Entry interface

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presidents is currently going 5.3

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kilometers per second it's about 120

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it will start controlling its path to

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the landing Target

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[Music]

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parachute has deployed and we are seeing

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the heat shield has been separated first

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has separated

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maneuver has started about 20 meters off

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[Music]

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Tango Delta nominal touchdown confirmed

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[Applause]

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foreign

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[Applause]

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[Music]

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[Applause]

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[Music]

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[Applause]

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foreign

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[Music]

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well even now my heart is racing and the

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tears are welling up in my eyes because

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I'm just so

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reliving that moment that was so

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exciting and you may think after five of

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these now that it's less nerve-wracking

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every time but I I almost think it's the

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other way we you know when we were

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getting ready to land perseverance we

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were four for four for Rovers and we

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just know that Mars can always hand us

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something challenging so even though we

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were confident we were humble and as you

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can see it was a fantastic landing and

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for the very first time we were able to

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take images and video of the Rover and

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the parachute while we were landing and

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it's just some iconic images that we'll

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look at for years to come so a very

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exciting time but in addition to the

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successful Landing there are a couple

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other highlights I want to talk about

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Brian that's all right um the first one

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I want to mention is what you saw in

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that video it was a highlight for me to

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be able to share that success with

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people all over the world and the kids

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who were enjoying that it was wonderful

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we we saw those lights and play from

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places like France and Switzerland and a

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across the United States and here at

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home in La and I think for us it was

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also more special because

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the the time of the pandemic was really

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difficult for everyone it was difficult

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for our team it was difficult for all

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those people we really wanted to offer

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something exciting and hopeful and so

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the successful Landing it was thrilling

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for us to be able to share that success

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with all the people who were there with

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us and rooting us on and and really it's

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a true privilege to bring even just a

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little bit of Hope and joy and

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excitement to those who shared that

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Landing with us and and that was really

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a highlight for me so seeing that video

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again brings that all back to we're a

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team that operate and have developed

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their Rover on Mars but we're all a team

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who are looking and watching and and

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trying to understand more about Mars as

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we do this exploration

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and and then the other highlight I would

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say a lot has happened in that first

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year and Katie and I are going to go

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into more of those details but another

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highlight of the year and I've been the

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project manager for the last nine months

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is really just being a part of this

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perseverance team and if you come go to

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my next slide I want to I want to talk

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about something for just a minute in

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this image this is on the inside of the

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Rover's left wheel a front left wheel

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and what you see are at the bottom you

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can see this the white Treads of the

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Rover and what they would look like and

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what they do look like when we drive on

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the surface of Mars and above that you

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see those Treads Twisted into a DNA form

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and that's really to remind us of two

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things and the the first thing is that

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all of our robots are of human origin

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and the second thing is that the humans

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are the real explorers and speaking of

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human I want to bring up the next slide

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which shows just a small set of the

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thousands of people who have contributed

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to making this Mission successful and

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over the many years I've worked on these

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missions I've I become more and more

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aware of how every individual in this

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picture is actually uniquely gifted and

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can do amazing things but when groups of

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people like this come together and work

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cooperatively work collaboratively work

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with technical Excellence towards a

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common goal that's when you do the

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impossible and for me it's been the

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privilege of a lifetime to be a member

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of this team since 2015 and to now be

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leading the team as the project manager

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and the people that you see here they're

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my heroes they're my inspiration and

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they're really my lifelong friends so

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those are my highlights of the year

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Brian

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and very good highlights um something

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you've mentioned and you kind of you

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hinted at a little bit we've done you've

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done this five times

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um each particular Mission has its own

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Specialties but what are some challenges

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of this one in particular with

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everything that you kind of already know

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about Mars

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yeah well this was really challenging

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from both an engineering and a

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scientific point of view we we had to

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build a whole new sampling system that

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sampling system had to acquire Rock

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cores intact previously we had had a

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powdered core and then we had to store

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them for later return to Earth and that

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was a whole new challenge we had to

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develop a lot more hardware and then to

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top it off we had to do the mission at a

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pace in order to acquire three to four

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times more samples and Traverse three to

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four times faster than we ever had in

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previous missions in order to accomplish

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what a NASA headquarters set out for

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this Mission and get the science that we

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wanted to get so when I joined the

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project back in 2015 that was the first

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thing I started thinking about with the

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team how can we build this capability to

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get it was really 20 samples and 15

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kilometers in a three-year time frame on

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Mars and so one of the main things we

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did was we looked at where we could put

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significant autonomy enemy into the

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vehicle so it would be smarter it could

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do things on its own it didn't need

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Mission operations in the loop all the

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time to check things and make sure

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things were going right and so there are

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a couple areas I'll talk about where I

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feel like we've been very successful in

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the implementation of that autonomy and

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how it's played out on Mars so go ahead

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and start this next video the first area

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is sampling what we have is an

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end-to-end sampling system that can go

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from the beginning what you see here

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where the arm is moving out to place the

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core Earth our coring drill on the

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surface of Mars to take a rock core and

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place it in a tube the tube is actually

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inside the drill bit that you see there

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and this whole sequence that we're

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showing you happens end to end all in a

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single saw on Mars so we acquire the

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sample here you can now see the turret

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rotating bringing the core back to and

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docking with what we call our bit

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Carousel you you can see that's where we

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store the bits and then you can see that

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there's a whole nother robotic arm on

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the inside of the Rover this is our

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sample handling arm which takes the tube

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out of that bit and processes it and in

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the processing what we do is we take an

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image to make sure there's sample in the

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tube we'll talk about that a little

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later and we do a volume probe

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measurement and we seal it and store it

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for a subsequent placement on the

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surface of Mars for future pickup and

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then return to Earth

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so this entire activity is autonomous

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everything you saw here Percy will do on

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her own and the way we do that is we we

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have our flight software with a lot of

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algorithms and we have sensors like

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force sensors and temperature sensors

278
00:12:03,949 --> 00:12:01,680
and then safety limits so that so if

279
00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:03,959
Percy's on the right path she hasn't

280
00:12:08,269 --> 00:12:06,240
violated any of her safety limits she

281
00:12:10,250 --> 00:12:08,279
does it all by herself and if she's got

282
00:12:11,750 --> 00:12:10,260
a problem she'll phone home for help and

283
00:12:14,030 --> 00:12:11,760
and I'll tell you a little bit about

284
00:12:16,009 --> 00:12:14,040
that later too but many of our samples

285
00:12:17,690 --> 00:12:16,019
were acquired in a single song not all

286
00:12:20,210 --> 00:12:17,700
of them and so that's just been a real

287
00:12:21,290 --> 00:12:20,220
success story for perseverance this

288
00:12:23,090 --> 00:12:21,300
first year

289
00:12:26,269 --> 00:12:23,100
now the other area I want to talk about

290
00:12:28,730 --> 00:12:26,279
and this is this is really a a home run

291
00:12:30,710 --> 00:12:28,740
success story and we aren't even we're

292
00:12:32,150 --> 00:12:30,720
just I think just on the tip of the

293
00:12:33,470 --> 00:12:32,160
iceberg here for working what we're

294
00:12:36,110 --> 00:12:33,480
going to be able to do for autonomous

295
00:12:38,269 --> 00:12:36,120
navigation uh although um we had

296
00:12:40,850 --> 00:12:38,279
autonomous navigation on previous Rovers

297
00:12:42,889 --> 00:12:40,860
we actually did a major overhaul here we

298
00:12:44,629 --> 00:12:42,899
added another processor it was a

299
00:12:46,730 --> 00:12:44,639
processor that we used for the terrain

300
00:12:48,889 --> 00:12:46,740
relative navigation during entry descent

301
00:12:50,810 --> 00:12:48,899
and Landing we used that also on the

302
00:12:53,389 --> 00:12:50,820
surface for stereo image processing

303
00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:53,399
which speeds up the Rover's thinking

304
00:12:57,470 --> 00:12:55,200
quite a bit thinking about what the

305
00:13:00,230 --> 00:12:57,480
hazards are and making path paths and

306
00:13:02,690 --> 00:13:00,240
planning its paths but then we also

307
00:13:04,790 --> 00:13:02,700
changed the algorithm itself we had

308
00:13:06,710 --> 00:13:04,800
algorithms on previous Rovers that were

309
00:13:08,750 --> 00:13:06,720
highly conservative we wouldn't straddle

310
00:13:10,670 --> 00:13:08,760
a rock no matter the size we just

311
00:13:13,069 --> 00:13:10,680
wouldn't let a rock go under the belly

312
00:13:15,530 --> 00:13:13,079
pan things like that so we we changed

313
00:13:17,870 --> 00:13:15,540
the algorithm so that we were able to

314
00:13:20,509 --> 00:13:17,880
make more accurate maps and find more

315
00:13:22,430 --> 00:13:20,519
paths if you let your Rover drive over

316
00:13:25,129 --> 00:13:22,440
more rocks or are going to find more

317
00:13:27,230 --> 00:13:25,139
paths and be more successful so go ahead

318
00:13:29,990 --> 00:13:27,240
and cue and show the auto navigation

319
00:13:32,930 --> 00:13:30,000
video here's a our first record breaking

320
00:13:35,690 --> 00:13:32,940
out of navigation install this was saw

321
00:13:38,150 --> 00:13:35,700
200 this video Loops but what you're

322
00:13:41,090 --> 00:13:38,160
seeing are the images that the Rover

323
00:13:44,930 --> 00:13:41,100
took during autonomous navigation to

324
00:13:48,170 --> 00:13:44,940
decide where to drive the this is um

325
00:13:51,829 --> 00:13:48,180
sped up but the total distance we drove

326
00:13:55,009 --> 00:13:51,839
on the saw was 175 meters most of that

327
00:13:57,410 --> 00:13:55,019
was autonomous driving so what we've

328
00:13:59,870 --> 00:13:57,420
been able to do so far on perseverance

329
00:14:01,689 --> 00:13:59,880
is Drive about 100 meters per hour and

330
00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:01,699
if you compare that to previous missions

331
00:14:06,829 --> 00:14:04,620
the fastest we were ever able to go on

332
00:14:10,129 --> 00:14:06,839
curiosity your opportunity was less than

333
00:14:12,949 --> 00:14:10,139
25 meters per hour so we've quadrupled

334
00:14:16,250 --> 00:14:12,959
our our rate of reverse when we're in

335
00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:16,260
this autonomous mode on Mars and we just

336
00:14:19,970 --> 00:14:18,000
broke another record over Super Bowl

337
00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:19,980
weekend a good weekend to break a record

338
00:14:25,129 --> 00:14:23,040
we drove 305 49 yards

339
00:14:27,530 --> 00:14:25,139
I put it in yards because it happens to

340
00:14:29,930 --> 00:14:27,540
be more than either the Bengals or the

341
00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:29,940
Rams offenses got on that day so

342
00:14:34,310 --> 00:14:32,040
perseverance won the Super Bowl I don't

343
00:14:37,129 --> 00:14:34,320
know anyway I thought that was a fun our

344
00:14:39,470 --> 00:14:37,139
strategic Traverse planner Tyler Del

345
00:14:42,530 --> 00:14:39,480
cesto gave me that little tidbit which I

346
00:14:44,329 --> 00:14:42,540
just think is fun to talk about so

347
00:14:46,009 --> 00:14:44,339
um okay the Second Challenge I want to

348
00:14:49,370 --> 00:14:46,019
highlight is uh

349
00:14:51,050 --> 00:14:49,380
one that we have on every Mission and it

350
00:14:54,170 --> 00:14:51,060
sort of always manifests in a different

351
00:14:55,850 --> 00:14:54,180
way and it may sound simple but it's the

352
00:14:58,550 --> 00:14:55,860
fact that the challenge is Mars and

353
00:15:01,129 --> 00:14:58,560
being on Mars and this time it was Mars

354
00:15:04,250 --> 00:15:01,139
rocks not being exactly what we expected

355
00:15:06,290 --> 00:15:04,260
and interestingly on curiosity Mars

356
00:15:08,509 --> 00:15:06,300
rocks were also a challenge for us if

357
00:15:11,269 --> 00:15:08,519
you followed curiosity at all you'll

358
00:15:14,569 --> 00:15:11,279
remember we had some there were these

359
00:15:16,490 --> 00:15:14,579
very sharp small pointy rocks that you

360
00:15:18,050 --> 00:15:16,500
couldn't see from orbit but once we

361
00:15:20,150 --> 00:15:18,060
landed we realized that they were

362
00:15:21,949 --> 00:15:20,160
starting to poke holes in the wheels and

363
00:15:23,449 --> 00:15:21,959
so we had to be very careful about the

364
00:15:25,250 --> 00:15:23,459
way we Traverse still are very careful

365
00:15:26,269 --> 00:15:25,260
about the way we Traverse and curiosity

366
00:15:28,790 --> 00:15:26,279
so

367
00:15:30,590 --> 00:15:28,800
um Martian rocks are are prob not

368
00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:30,600
problem here but our another challenge

369
00:15:35,269 --> 00:15:33,120
we've had here the rocks that we found

370
00:15:37,430 --> 00:15:35,279
in jezero crater in the crater floor

371
00:15:39,949 --> 00:15:37,440
region where we are now so far they're

372
00:15:41,090 --> 00:15:39,959
very weathered they've um and so that

373
00:15:42,530 --> 00:15:41,100
means they're friable and they're

374
00:15:45,769 --> 00:15:42,540
Loosely Consolidated and they break

375
00:15:47,870 --> 00:15:45,779
apart and if you recall the very first

376
00:15:50,389 --> 00:15:47,880
time we tried to take a sampling a

377
00:15:53,329 --> 00:15:50,399
sample it was actually not successful so

378
00:15:55,189 --> 00:15:53,339
go ahead and bring up the next image of

379
00:15:57,230 --> 00:15:55,199
rubion this was our first sampling

380
00:16:00,290 --> 00:15:57,240
attempt on the right side here you'll

381
00:16:02,329 --> 00:16:00,300
see the at the top of the right side is

382
00:16:04,129 --> 00:16:02,339
an abraded patch we always abrid the

383
00:16:06,050 --> 00:16:04,139
rock to get under the surface place our

384
00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:06,060
science instruments on it make sure it's

385
00:16:10,009 --> 00:16:07,680
something that we want to take a sample

386
00:16:12,230 --> 00:16:10,019
of and they're to the lower right you

387
00:16:14,930 --> 00:16:12,240
see this beautiful borehole with a great

388
00:16:16,970 --> 00:16:14,940
tailings pile we woke up at 2 A.M we saw

389
00:16:20,030 --> 00:16:16,980
those images come down the Rover hadn't

390
00:16:22,069 --> 00:16:20,040
completed the rest of sampling but we

391
00:16:23,870 --> 00:16:22,079
went back to bed thinking okay all we

392
00:16:26,030 --> 00:16:23,880
have to do is come in at eight look at

393
00:16:28,249 --> 00:16:26,040
the the tube make sure there's a core in

394
00:16:30,110 --> 00:16:28,259
there and we were very comp I mean our

395
00:16:32,030 --> 00:16:30,120
hands were this far up in the air almost

396
00:16:33,470 --> 00:16:32,040
celebrating and then we saw the two

397
00:16:36,170 --> 00:16:33,480
images there that you see on the left

398
00:16:38,329 --> 00:16:36,180
the bottom one is the image that we take

399
00:16:40,670 --> 00:16:38,339
inside that adaptive caching assembly

400
00:16:42,170 --> 00:16:40,680
that we showed you in the video where we

401
00:16:43,610 --> 00:16:42,180
expect to see a core in there and you

402
00:16:45,350 --> 00:16:43,620
can see you see the bottom of the tube

403
00:16:47,509 --> 00:16:45,360
so there was nothing in the tube and

404
00:16:50,990 --> 00:16:47,519
then the top one is one that we take

405
00:16:52,610 --> 00:16:51,000
before we place the bit and tube in the

406
00:16:54,350 --> 00:16:52,620
bit Carousel and you can see the

407
00:16:56,030 --> 00:16:54,360
lighting was not great on that one but

408
00:16:58,430 --> 00:16:56,040
you can also see if you look carefully

409
00:17:00,829 --> 00:16:58,440
that there was not a core in there and

410
00:17:02,389 --> 00:17:00,839
so we you know we took our hands down

411
00:17:04,850 --> 00:17:02,399
grabbed our computers walked to the room

412
00:17:06,470 --> 00:17:04,860
tried to figure out what to do and um we

413
00:17:08,029 --> 00:17:06,480
did this we looked around to see if

414
00:17:09,710 --> 00:17:08,039
maybe we had dropped it we looked down

415
00:17:12,470 --> 00:17:09,720
in the hole to see if it was in the hole

416
00:17:14,750 --> 00:17:12,480
then we and eventually we did some

417
00:17:16,970 --> 00:17:14,760
testing on Earth and and realized that

418
00:17:19,370 --> 00:17:16,980
the percussive drill actually broke

419
00:17:21,110 --> 00:17:19,380
these rocks apart uh pulverized them

420
00:17:22,850 --> 00:17:21,120
during the percussion we we tried

421
00:17:24,230 --> 00:17:22,860
different experiments we found some

422
00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:24,240
rocks that we felt like were Martian

423
00:17:27,949 --> 00:17:26,160
analogs here and did some different

424
00:17:29,930 --> 00:17:27,959
experiments on Earth to see if we could

425
00:17:32,570 --> 00:17:29,940
reduce the percussion and be more

426
00:17:34,549 --> 00:17:32,580
successful but the Rocks also has some

427
00:17:36,710 --> 00:17:34,559
very hard parts so we weren't able to

428
00:17:39,590 --> 00:17:36,720
penetrate but the good news is we

429
00:17:41,390 --> 00:17:39,600
proceeded on with kind of collaboration

430
00:17:42,770 --> 00:17:41,400
with the science team for looking for a

431
00:17:45,350 --> 00:17:42,780
weathered rock that wasn't quite as

432
00:17:47,450 --> 00:17:45,360
weathered since then we've gotten six

433
00:17:49,070 --> 00:17:47,460
rock sample samples they're weathered

434
00:17:52,130 --> 00:17:49,080
but not quite as weathered as Ruby on

435
00:17:53,810 --> 00:17:52,140
and so that has been successful but that

436
00:17:56,150 --> 00:17:53,820
was a challenge and there was also

437
00:17:58,370 --> 00:17:56,160
another challenge very similar that that

438
00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:58,380
came from these Loosely Consolidated

439
00:18:03,049 --> 00:18:00,480
rocks back in January we spent a lot of

440
00:18:04,549 --> 00:18:03,059
January Happy New Years I think it was

441
00:18:06,650 --> 00:18:04,559
New Year's Day

442
00:18:09,409 --> 00:18:06,660
um we experienced another flavor of this

443
00:18:11,510 --> 00:18:09,419
issue and and as I described earlier if

444
00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:11,520
Percy's doing fine she keeps on going

445
00:18:15,890 --> 00:18:14,160
but if she has a problem she contacts

446
00:18:18,350 --> 00:18:15,900
the ground and so she contacted the

447
00:18:20,270 --> 00:18:18,360
ground when we had Corridor sample and

448
00:18:22,370 --> 00:18:20,280
we're getting ready and putting it into

449
00:18:23,990 --> 00:18:22,380
that bit Carousel where we take the tube

450
00:18:26,870 --> 00:18:24,000
in the bit and we place it in there into

451
00:18:29,150 --> 00:18:26,880
this thing called a bit sleeve when it

452
00:18:30,950 --> 00:18:29,160
was doing that it sent an error message

453
00:18:32,090 --> 00:18:30,960
down saying it got to the force we were

454
00:18:33,830 --> 00:18:32,100
looking for but it was about a

455
00:18:37,310 --> 00:18:33,840
centimeter short of the place we wanted

456
00:18:40,250 --> 00:18:37,320
to push that bit into and so you go

457
00:18:42,890 --> 00:18:40,260
ahead and bring up the next image so

458
00:18:44,810 --> 00:18:42,900
what you can see here on the left is a

459
00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:44,820
bit sleeve where we were trying to push

460
00:18:50,510 --> 00:18:47,340
that bit with tube in it into and you

461
00:18:52,490 --> 00:18:50,520
can see two Pebbles down there and then

462
00:18:55,070 --> 00:18:52,500
on the right you can see two Pebbles

463
00:18:56,750 --> 00:18:55,080
kind of in the middle of that image and

464
00:18:59,090 --> 00:18:56,760
that is actually sitting on the rotor

465
00:19:01,669 --> 00:18:59,100
the bit Carousel so we had pebbles in

466
00:19:03,289 --> 00:19:01,679
the system we were relieved to see those

467
00:19:05,029 --> 00:19:03,299
images we didn't actually know what it

468
00:19:06,770 --> 00:19:05,039
was initially what was causing the

469
00:19:09,049 --> 00:19:06,780
problem we were relieved to see the

470
00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:09,059
images because we at least knew what was

471
00:19:13,370 --> 00:19:11,280
wrong I think we knew that we had to

472
00:19:14,990 --> 00:19:13,380
carefully get those Pebbles out of there

473
00:19:17,390 --> 00:19:15,000
so that they didn't jam up the bit

474
00:19:20,029 --> 00:19:17,400
Carousel in any way so what we ended up

475
00:19:22,850 --> 00:19:20,039
doing is for the top Pebbles we were

476
00:19:24,409 --> 00:19:22,860
able to get those out by using the

477
00:19:26,029 --> 00:19:24,419
percussive drill just to put some

478
00:19:27,770 --> 00:19:26,039
Dynamics into the vehicle and then we

479
00:19:30,470 --> 00:19:27,780
moved the bit Carousel and those popped

480
00:19:32,510 --> 00:19:30,480
out and then on the the Pebbles on the

481
00:19:34,970 --> 00:19:32,520
right we drove the Rover and those came

482
00:19:38,390 --> 00:19:34,980
out as well so there's always a fun

483
00:19:40,070 --> 00:19:38,400
problem to solve on Mars but we were

484
00:19:43,730 --> 00:19:40,080
able to do that and now we're basically

485
00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:43,740
on our way we're moving now we're on the

486
00:19:46,510 --> 00:19:45,360
road and if you go ahead and bring up

487
00:19:49,850 --> 00:19:46,520
the next

488
00:19:51,950 --> 00:19:49,860
image right after we we in fact on that

489
00:19:53,810 --> 00:19:51,960
last one we went and we did get a core

490
00:19:55,610 --> 00:19:53,820
from that rock we dumped out the core

491
00:19:56,990 --> 00:19:55,620
that had gotten Pebbles dropped in the

492
00:19:59,870 --> 00:19:57,000
bit Carousel we got a core and then

493
00:20:01,370 --> 00:19:59,880
we're moving along an area called artubi

494
00:20:02,990 --> 00:20:01,380
Ridge and you can see that Ridge there

495
00:20:04,789 --> 00:20:03,000
and then you can see the sand dunes in

496
00:20:06,770 --> 00:20:04,799
the middle and you see the rover robotic

497
00:20:08,750 --> 00:20:06,780
arm and the in the foreground of the

498
00:20:11,570 --> 00:20:08,760
image and if you look carefully you'll

499
00:20:13,490 --> 00:20:11,580
see an abraded patch that we did here as

500
00:20:15,470 --> 00:20:13,500
we're moving back to The Landing site to

501
00:20:17,690 --> 00:20:15,480
get kind of the final samples for this

502
00:20:20,450 --> 00:20:17,700
area this science campaign that Katie

503
00:20:22,669 --> 00:20:20,460
will talk about we did an abrasion here

504
00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:22,679
just to see if this was the same kind of

505
00:20:28,130 --> 00:20:24,480
rock and give us more information for

506
00:20:29,930 --> 00:20:28,140
the context of the region

507
00:20:32,029 --> 00:20:29,940
very cool

508
00:20:33,649 --> 00:20:32,039
um there's so much I mean there's just

509
00:20:35,630 --> 00:20:33,659
so much and I know we can't even get all

510
00:20:37,070 --> 00:20:35,640
of it into this talk today

511
00:20:39,289 --> 00:20:37,080
um so we're talking about excitement

512
00:20:40,730 --> 00:20:39,299
we're talking about challenges what are

513
00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:40,740
some of the things that we've learned

514
00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:42,720
operating and how does that affect where

515
00:20:46,850 --> 00:20:44,700
we go next

516
00:20:48,049 --> 00:20:46,860
yeah well I would say I've been on five

517
00:20:51,770 --> 00:20:48,059
of these I know I've said that a lot of

518
00:20:53,810 --> 00:20:51,780
times but this Rover is solid it's a

519
00:20:56,630 --> 00:20:53,820
great Rover it's well built it's well

520
00:20:58,789 --> 00:20:56,640
tested in general it executes with

521
00:21:01,190 --> 00:20:58,799
perfection the things that we ask it to

522
00:21:02,930 --> 00:21:01,200
do this of course is largely due to

523
00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:02,940
those people I showed you earlier who

524
00:21:07,430 --> 00:21:04,799
built it and tested it and continue to

525
00:21:09,169 --> 00:21:07,440
operate it as well as I think the legacy

526
00:21:11,690 --> 00:21:09,179
of the teams and the people who came

527
00:21:12,950 --> 00:21:11,700
before us we've just been learning and

528
00:21:15,590 --> 00:21:12,960
learning and getting better at this

529
00:21:18,590 --> 00:21:15,600
being more prepared and so far the only

530
00:21:20,990 --> 00:21:18,600
times we've really had problems were

531
00:21:24,010 --> 00:21:21,000
when Mars gave us something a little

532
00:21:26,690 --> 00:21:24,020
unexpected so because of this

533
00:21:29,029 --> 00:21:26,700
we will continue to push the envelope

534
00:21:31,730 --> 00:21:29,039
with this Rover and this Mission and

535
00:21:34,669 --> 00:21:31,740
that includes still regularly using

536
00:21:36,830 --> 00:21:34,679
Ingenuity to support scouting we're

537
00:21:39,830 --> 00:21:36,840
adding more autonomy to the vehicle and

538
00:21:42,409 --> 00:21:39,840
our next big exploration is of the Delta

539
00:21:44,330 --> 00:21:42,419
the delta in the crater that is the area

540
00:21:47,210 --> 00:21:44,340
where we expect to find the sedimentary

541
00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:47,220
Iraq and uh in getting there we really

542
00:21:52,370 --> 00:21:48,600
have the opportunity to hit the

543
00:21:54,529 --> 00:21:52,380
interstate between here and uh the Delta

544
00:21:56,390 --> 00:21:54,539
and we'll really see what our updated

545
00:21:58,370 --> 00:21:56,400
autonomous navigation capabilities can

546
00:22:00,470 --> 00:21:58,380
do and I expect we'll be breaking more

547
00:22:02,230 --> 00:22:00,480
records so let me show you this next

548
00:22:04,850 --> 00:22:02,240
image which

549
00:22:07,549 --> 00:22:04,860
shows you the Traverse so the Green Path

550
00:22:09,529 --> 00:22:07,559
is the green is where we are we actually

551
00:22:11,990 --> 00:22:09,539
if you can see the sand there's a thumb

552
00:22:13,730 --> 00:22:12,000
which is sort of a sand area called Sita

553
00:22:16,490 --> 00:22:13,740
down there and and we went all the way

554
00:22:18,529 --> 00:22:16,500
up to the the other part of the thumb

555
00:22:19,850 --> 00:22:18,539
that doesn't have the Green Path and now

556
00:22:22,669 --> 00:22:19,860
we're back down to where the green pass

557
00:22:26,029 --> 00:22:22,679
starts it's about a kilometer back to

558
00:22:27,830 --> 00:22:26,039
the uh Landing region where we'll take

559
00:22:30,890 --> 00:22:27,840
the other samples and then another five

560
00:22:32,570 --> 00:22:30,900
kilometers over to the Delta and we hope

561
00:22:34,789 --> 00:22:32,580
to arrive there expect to arrive there

562
00:22:38,029 --> 00:22:34,799
in late spring and of course our main

563
00:22:40,490 --> 00:22:38,039
goal here is to Cache these samples for

564
00:22:44,090 --> 00:22:40,500
future return to Earth and our initial

565
00:22:46,850 --> 00:22:44,100
caching Depot will possibly be somewhere

566
00:22:49,310 --> 00:22:46,860
in this map maybe on top of the Delta so

567
00:22:51,529 --> 00:22:49,320
a little bit off the map or it may it's

568
00:22:53,810 --> 00:22:51,539
equally likely that it would be further

569
00:22:56,149 --> 00:22:53,820
even towards the edge of the crater when

570
00:22:59,390 --> 00:22:56,159
we're ready to deposit that initial set

571
00:23:01,490 --> 00:22:59,400
of samples so we have tons of excitement

572
00:23:03,710 --> 00:23:01,500
ahead on the mission and we hope you'll

573
00:23:06,049 --> 00:23:03,720
continue to follow us and and join us

574
00:23:07,669 --> 00:23:06,059
and all this excitement

575
00:23:09,529 --> 00:23:07,679
well we've got a lot of people following

576
00:23:10,730 --> 00:23:09,539
tonight which is wonderful so we're

577
00:23:12,289 --> 00:23:10,740
going to bring in one of your the

578
00:23:14,029 --> 00:23:12,299
audience questions now and then we're

579
00:23:15,529 --> 00:23:14,039
going to go talk to Katie for a little

580
00:23:17,510 --> 00:23:15,539
bit and then we'll bring everybody back

581
00:23:19,610 --> 00:23:17,520
so for some more q a at the end so Nikki

582
00:23:21,590 --> 00:23:19,620
what are they asking right now

583
00:23:23,149 --> 00:23:21,600
yeah so Jennifer you've talked a lot

584
00:23:25,130 --> 00:23:23,159
about some of the great things that have

585
00:23:27,770 --> 00:23:25,140
gone on and how you've worked on several

586
00:23:29,890 --> 00:23:27,780
of these Rovers and Tony orange is on

587
00:23:32,390 --> 00:23:29,900
YouTube wants to ask you two questions

588
00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:32,400
what new upgrades would you want to see

589
00:23:37,789 --> 00:23:36,000
on future Rovers on Mars and also how

590
00:23:41,510 --> 00:23:37,799
many years can the perseverance Rover

591
00:23:44,510 --> 00:23:41,520
survive doing science on Mars

592
00:23:47,210 --> 00:23:44,520
okay I'll start with the second one it's

593
00:23:49,730 --> 00:23:47,220
actually not an easier one but it's a

594
00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:49,740
it's one where we we build the hardware

595
00:23:54,110 --> 00:23:51,840
it has sort of a warranty just like your

596
00:23:56,630 --> 00:23:54,120
car has a warranty uh for about three

597
00:23:58,490 --> 00:23:56,640
years we test it all three years but we

598
00:24:01,310 --> 00:23:58,500
have enough energy we expect the

599
00:24:03,590 --> 00:24:01,320
hardware uh to work a lot longer you can

600
00:24:05,450 --> 00:24:03,600
see with curiosity and with spirit and

601
00:24:08,570 --> 00:24:05,460
opportunity all of our Rovers have

602
00:24:10,490 --> 00:24:08,580
outlived their lifetime so the three

603
00:24:12,470 --> 00:24:10,500
years is when the warranty expires but

604
00:24:15,289 --> 00:24:12,480
we expect it to live quite a bit longer

605
00:24:17,930 --> 00:24:15,299
we're confident of that but we're also

606
00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:17,940
um we're also humble about the fact that

607
00:24:23,450 --> 00:24:20,400
you know different things can happen so

608
00:24:25,130 --> 00:24:23,460
we hope to have it you know live a

609
00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:25,140
decade or longer just like opportunity

610
00:24:29,330 --> 00:24:26,880
those are great great

611
00:24:31,669 --> 00:24:29,340
missions and as far as things I would

612
00:24:34,850 --> 00:24:31,679
like to see I always when I very first

613
00:24:37,970 --> 00:24:34,860
started this mission in 2015

614
00:24:39,529 --> 00:24:37,980
because we had this autonomy Focus I

615
00:24:42,289 --> 00:24:39,539
remember going into the conference room

616
00:24:44,930 --> 00:24:42,299
with the team and I said we we got it we

617
00:24:46,430 --> 00:24:44,940
can't we can't just you know code this

618
00:24:48,049 --> 00:24:46,440
thing from the ground which is sort of

619
00:24:49,610 --> 00:24:48,059
what we do we write our sequences and

620
00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:49,620
send them up every day we need this

621
00:24:53,750 --> 00:24:51,840
thing to be more autonomous and I I put

622
00:24:55,490 --> 00:24:53,760
my feet up on the table and I said

623
00:24:58,310 --> 00:24:55,500
here's what I want and I pushed the

624
00:25:01,190 --> 00:24:58,320
button and I said do a great science

625
00:25:03,590 --> 00:25:01,200
Mission and it'll be done right and and

626
00:25:06,110 --> 00:25:03,600
so we're not anywhere really close to

627
00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:06,120
that but getting the Rovers a tonboard

628
00:25:10,909 --> 00:25:08,760
autonomy onboard sensing so that it can

629
00:25:13,850 --> 00:25:10,919
choose its own science targets we we're

630
00:25:15,769 --> 00:25:13,860
toe dipping into that one uh I think we

631
00:25:17,870 --> 00:25:15,779
still autonomous navigation is very fast

632
00:25:19,549 --> 00:25:17,880
but it is not quite at the limit of what

633
00:25:21,769 --> 00:25:19,559
the wheels could drive so we could still

634
00:25:23,690 --> 00:25:21,779
drive faster our next missions are

635
00:25:25,850 --> 00:25:23,700
getting really close to Pinpoint Landing

636
00:25:27,289 --> 00:25:25,860
so that's a great one but then just this

637
00:25:29,210 --> 00:25:27,299
idea that the

638
00:25:31,610 --> 00:25:29,220
Percy figures out what she wants to do

639
00:25:33,590 --> 00:25:31,620
every day to accomplish the science

640
00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:33,600
mission that we've given her so

641
00:25:38,930 --> 00:25:36,840
those are my dreams

642
00:25:40,730 --> 00:25:38,940
what a great setup and a great

643
00:25:43,010 --> 00:25:40,740
introduction to our next speaker

644
00:25:45,529 --> 00:25:43,020
Jennifer will bring you back in a little

645
00:25:47,690 --> 00:25:45,539
bit but our next speaker graduated with

646
00:25:49,310 --> 00:25:47,700
a ba in geology an astronomy for

647
00:25:52,669 --> 00:25:49,320
Williams College from Williams college

648
00:25:55,430 --> 00:25:52,679
and earn her MSC and her PhD in geology

649
00:25:56,990 --> 00:25:55,440
from Caltech Katie's research focuses on

650
00:25:59,750 --> 00:25:57,000
the Martian sedimentary rock record

651
00:26:01,610 --> 00:25:59,760
using Orbiter and Rover image data to

652
00:26:04,430 --> 00:26:01,620
understand the evolution of ancient

653
00:26:06,169 --> 00:26:04,440
surface processes on Mars she is a

654
00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:06,179
research scientist here at JPL a

655
00:26:10,970 --> 00:26:08,460
participating scientist on the Mars

656
00:26:13,730 --> 00:26:10,980
science laboratory Curiosity Rover and

657
00:26:16,190 --> 00:26:13,740
the deputy project scientist of the Mars

658
00:26:19,850 --> 00:26:16,200
2020 perseverance Rover please welcome

659
00:26:21,769 --> 00:26:19,860
Dr Katie stack Morgan hi you Katie

660
00:26:23,330 --> 00:26:21,779
hi Brian

661
00:26:25,250 --> 00:26:23,340
so much great stuff we've talked about

662
00:26:28,149 --> 00:26:25,260
so far but one we haven't really talked

663
00:26:31,490 --> 00:26:28,159
about yet is why Mars

664
00:26:34,610 --> 00:26:31,500
yeah so the Mars we know today is a

665
00:26:36,830 --> 00:26:34,620
Barren dry very cold landscape not

666
00:26:39,470 --> 00:26:36,840
particularly hospitable to Life as We

667
00:26:41,390 --> 00:26:39,480
Know It uh but we know based on our

668
00:26:43,250 --> 00:26:41,400
observations of Mars from Rovers and

669
00:26:45,289 --> 00:26:43,260
orbiters that Mars wasn't always like

670
00:26:48,769 --> 00:26:45,299
that and and Mars was once very

671
00:26:51,649 --> 00:26:48,779
Earth-like and we think that

672
00:26:54,769 --> 00:26:51,659
you know there's a good chance that Mars

673
00:26:56,930 --> 00:26:54,779
was capable of supporting life just like

674
00:26:59,510 --> 00:26:56,940
early Earth was and the period of time

675
00:27:01,669 --> 00:26:59,520
when Mars we think was once habitable

676
00:27:04,549 --> 00:27:01,679
was the same time that life was emerging

677
00:27:06,470 --> 00:27:04,559
on our own planet and so we think Mars

678
00:27:08,450 --> 00:27:06,480
is a really attractive place to go to

679
00:27:10,430 --> 00:27:08,460
look for signs of ancient life and

680
00:27:12,350 --> 00:27:10,440
perhaps the best place in the solar

681
00:27:14,149 --> 00:27:12,360
system to look for signs of ancient life

682
00:27:15,950 --> 00:27:14,159
and every rover mission we've sent to

683
00:27:17,990 --> 00:27:15,960
Mars has found and discovered and

684
00:27:20,090 --> 00:27:18,000
explored habitable ancient environments

685
00:27:22,430 --> 00:27:20,100
and so we think Mars is really a great

686
00:27:25,370 --> 00:27:22,440
place to go to look for signs of life

687
00:27:26,930 --> 00:27:25,380
beyond our own planet and you know the

688
00:27:29,450 --> 00:27:26,940
really neat thing and fascinating thing

689
00:27:31,370 --> 00:27:29,460
about studying Mars is that in some ways

690
00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:31,380
it is so familiar particularly when we

691
00:27:35,210 --> 00:27:33,120
look at ancient rocks and we recognize

692
00:27:37,430 --> 00:27:35,220
the kind of environments that we know

693
00:27:39,710 --> 00:27:37,440
and see here on our own Planet yet this

694
00:27:42,529 --> 00:27:39,720
is another planet and it took a very

695
00:27:44,570 --> 00:27:42,539
different path over time to look the way

696
00:27:47,149 --> 00:27:44,580
it does now and so there is still

697
00:27:49,370 --> 00:27:47,159
something alien about it and so it's

698
00:27:51,230 --> 00:27:49,380
this combination of the familiar and the

699
00:27:53,149 --> 00:27:51,240
unfamiliar and that makes Mars such a

700
00:27:55,070 --> 00:27:53,159
fascinating place to look at and to

701
00:27:57,289 --> 00:27:55,080
study and to understand

702
00:27:58,789 --> 00:27:57,299
so let's then let's keep going in a

703
00:28:01,010 --> 00:27:58,799
little further that's a great

704
00:28:03,230 --> 00:28:01,020
explanation on Mars so then why jezero

705
00:28:04,909 --> 00:28:03,240
crater and specifically

706
00:28:07,549 --> 00:28:04,919
yes if we could bring it bring up slide

707
00:28:11,090 --> 00:28:07,559
10 and we'll see a view of jezero Crater

708
00:28:12,830 --> 00:28:11,100
from an Orbiter perspective and jezra

709
00:28:15,049 --> 00:28:12,840
was selected as the landing site for the

710
00:28:17,930 --> 00:28:15,059
Mars 2020 perseverance Rover and this

711
00:28:19,850 --> 00:28:17,940
site really has it all it has habitable

712
00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:19,860
environments both preserved at the

713
00:28:24,590 --> 00:28:21,720
surface and we think in the near

714
00:28:26,750 --> 00:28:24,600
subsurface we have of course the Delta

715
00:28:28,549 --> 00:28:26,760
that's the main target of the mission we

716
00:28:30,470 --> 00:28:28,559
have some interesting units along the

717
00:28:32,690 --> 00:28:30,480
inner margin of the crater and perhaps

718
00:28:34,789 --> 00:28:32,700
even some habitable ancient environments

719
00:28:36,409 --> 00:28:34,799
in the Rocks themselves maybe the Crater

720
00:28:39,529 --> 00:28:36,419
Rim and and the rocks of the crater

721
00:28:42,409 --> 00:28:39,539
floor we also have a diversity of

722
00:28:43,970 --> 00:28:42,419
minerals here in this location uh

723
00:28:47,570 --> 00:28:43,980
suggesting a variety of different

724
00:28:49,430 --> 00:28:47,580
processes occurred at this one site and

725
00:28:52,430 --> 00:28:49,440
also this this site has the element of

726
00:28:55,310 --> 00:28:52,440
time the roxier record hundreds of

727
00:28:57,110 --> 00:28:55,320
millions of years and and give us an

728
00:29:00,110 --> 00:28:57,120
opportunity with a single Rover to

729
00:29:01,430 --> 00:29:00,120
explore a big period of time in Mars

730
00:29:04,370 --> 00:29:01,440
history and and so when we look at

731
00:29:06,409 --> 00:29:04,380
images like this we see a landscape

732
00:29:08,330 --> 00:29:06,419
Frozen in time but to really bring this

733
00:29:10,149 --> 00:29:08,340
to life for you all I want to bring up

734
00:29:12,889 --> 00:29:10,159
the the next video I think it's video 11

735
00:29:15,529 --> 00:29:12,899
uh to really bring this to life and show

736
00:29:17,690 --> 00:29:15,539
us how this site came to be so here we

737
00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:17,700
are 3.8 billion years ago and we're

738
00:29:21,830 --> 00:29:19,380
about to see the impactor that is going

739
00:29:24,590 --> 00:29:21,840
to create Jezreel crater so here it is

740
00:29:26,810 --> 00:29:24,600
speeding towards the surface and boom we

741
00:29:29,090 --> 00:29:26,820
have jezre crater formed

742
00:29:32,210 --> 00:29:29,100
um quite a catastrophic event perhaps at

743
00:29:34,250 --> 00:29:32,220
a time when we had water on the surface

744
00:29:37,909 --> 00:29:34,260
um so here we have Jezreel crater it is

745
00:29:39,950 --> 00:29:37,919
it is now here in this landscape and

746
00:29:41,570 --> 00:29:39,960
what we see now is we know based on what

747
00:29:44,450 --> 00:29:41,580
we see from orbit and now on the ground

748
00:29:47,029 --> 00:29:44,460
that water rushed into this Crater from

749
00:29:49,490 --> 00:29:47,039
uh at least a couple channels on the the

750
00:29:50,810 --> 00:29:49,500
crater walls and here we see it filling

751
00:29:53,149 --> 00:29:50,820
up and we have

752
00:29:55,490 --> 00:29:53,159
conclusive evidence that this crater did

753
00:29:58,250 --> 00:29:55,500
indeed fill up all the way to the brim

754
00:29:59,810 --> 00:29:58,260
and we know that it actually overflowed

755
00:30:01,490 --> 00:29:59,820
and there aren't that many craters on

756
00:30:03,230 --> 00:30:01,500
Mars where we can say that and so we

757
00:30:05,810 --> 00:30:03,240
know that there was water in this crater

758
00:30:07,730 --> 00:30:05,820
for geologically significant amounts of

759
00:30:09,769 --> 00:30:07,740
time and here we see that outflow

760
00:30:11,570 --> 00:30:09,779
channel and as we zoom in here we're

761
00:30:14,210 --> 00:30:11,580
going to see over time of course that

762
00:30:16,909 --> 00:30:14,220
Lake dried up it disappeared and

763
00:30:19,010 --> 00:30:16,919
eventually it leaves us with the fossil

764
00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:19,020
landscape that we have to explore with

765
00:30:28,130 --> 00:30:25,490
that's I I just love that animation

766
00:30:30,710 --> 00:30:28,140
that's so cool the main question we're

767
00:30:32,269 --> 00:30:30,720
getting a lot right now on through our

768
00:30:34,669 --> 00:30:32,279
chats and our audience watching at home

769
00:30:36,350 --> 00:30:34,679
is what are the biggest surprises that

770
00:30:37,490 --> 00:30:36,360
we've gotten from this first year on

771
00:30:40,070 --> 00:30:37,500
Mars

772
00:30:42,950 --> 00:30:40,080
yeah and this is a great question for me

773
00:30:45,049 --> 00:30:42,960
because I and and many scientists who've

774
00:30:47,389 --> 00:30:45,059
thought about Landing sites on Mars we

775
00:30:50,330 --> 00:30:47,399
spend years pouring over those Orbiter

776
00:30:52,669 --> 00:30:50,340
images trying to to guess what's there

777
00:30:54,830 --> 00:30:52,679
and try to interpret what's there

778
00:30:55,970 --> 00:30:54,840
um and so going into this Mission I

779
00:30:57,470 --> 00:30:55,980
thought you know I've thought of all the

780
00:30:58,549 --> 00:30:57,480
possibilities and it's going to be one

781
00:30:59,630 --> 00:30:58,559
of those things that I've thought about

782
00:31:02,029 --> 00:30:59,640
and that's how we're going to explain

783
00:31:04,430 --> 00:31:02,039
the Rocks but of course Mars throws us

784
00:31:06,470 --> 00:31:04,440
surprises and we certainly had that uh

785
00:31:08,870 --> 00:31:06,480
one thing thankfully was not a surprise

786
00:31:11,029 --> 00:31:08,880
and if we bring up slide 12

787
00:31:12,950 --> 00:31:11,039
um we thought from orbit that there was

788
00:31:15,110 --> 00:31:12,960
a lake and a Delta and you just saw that

789
00:31:17,509 --> 00:31:15,120
in in the video and when we got in the

790
00:31:19,909 --> 00:31:17,519
ground and we imaged towards the Delta

791
00:31:21,830 --> 00:31:19,919
deposit we saw this beautiful outcrop

792
00:31:24,049 --> 00:31:21,840
and this is the kind of outcrop that you

793
00:31:26,690 --> 00:31:24,059
would bring a geology class on Earth to

794
00:31:29,330 --> 00:31:26,700
teach them about deltas this is classic

795
00:31:31,669 --> 00:31:29,340
Delta stratigraphy and you see the

796
00:31:33,409 --> 00:31:31,679
layers in this image the flat layers on

797
00:31:35,750 --> 00:31:33,419
top represent the upper part of the

798
00:31:37,850 --> 00:31:35,760
Delta going into those dipping beds as

799
00:31:39,710 --> 00:31:37,860
you get into the lake and then as you

800
00:31:41,630 --> 00:31:39,720
get into those flat beds at the bottom

801
00:31:44,269 --> 00:31:41,640
that's really those are the layers that

802
00:31:46,009 --> 00:31:44,279
we look at for signs of preserved

803
00:31:48,710 --> 00:31:46,019
Organics and possible signs of Life

804
00:31:50,509 --> 00:31:48,720
concentrated there in the the distal

805
00:31:53,029 --> 00:31:50,519
Parts the distant parts of these Lake

806
00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:53,039
deposits and so we were relieved that

807
00:31:56,930 --> 00:31:54,960
this was not a surprise there is indeed

808
00:31:59,330 --> 00:31:56,940
a Delta we have confirmed it and we have

809
00:32:01,009 --> 00:31:59,340
beautiful outcrops to show that we have

810
00:32:03,049 --> 00:32:01,019
this habitable service environment

811
00:32:04,669 --> 00:32:03,059
preserved in Jezreel but there were

812
00:32:07,549 --> 00:32:04,679
still surprises in stores so if we bring

813
00:32:09,230 --> 00:32:07,559
up the next Slide the slide 13. while we

814
00:32:10,909 --> 00:32:09,240
knew there was a lake and a Delta here

815
00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:10,919
in Jezreel one thing we weren't

816
00:32:16,669 --> 00:32:13,980
expecting was signs of pretty active

817
00:32:17,810 --> 00:32:16,679
high energy flood deposits and so that's

818
00:32:20,389 --> 00:32:17,820
what we're seeing here this is an

819
00:32:22,789 --> 00:32:20,399
outcrop from the front of the Delta and

820
00:32:25,190 --> 00:32:22,799
that Arrow there points to a big boulder

821
00:32:27,830 --> 00:32:25,200
and that's in almost one meter wide

822
00:32:29,630 --> 00:32:27,840
Boulder and so in order to transport a

823
00:32:31,549 --> 00:32:29,640
boulder like that and the boulders in

824
00:32:33,769 --> 00:32:31,559
the the surrounding outcrop you need

825
00:32:35,870 --> 00:32:33,779
pretty high energy energetic floods

826
00:32:37,909 --> 00:32:35,880
coming into the crater and so we didn't

827
00:32:40,190 --> 00:32:37,919
know that that was happening here in

828
00:32:41,810 --> 00:32:40,200
Jezreel so we think we had this Lake and

829
00:32:43,970 --> 00:32:41,820
this Delta setting that transitioned

830
00:32:46,310 --> 00:32:43,980
over time into something much more

831
00:32:48,889 --> 00:32:46,320
energetic and perhaps catastrophic and

832
00:32:51,529 --> 00:32:48,899
that might have been how water had its

833
00:32:54,529 --> 00:32:51,539
last gasp here in Jezreel crater

834
00:32:57,350 --> 00:32:54,539
um if we bring up the next slide

835
00:32:59,210 --> 00:32:57,360
um while we had views of the Delta

836
00:33:00,889 --> 00:32:59,220
um when we landed at Octavia E Butler

837
00:33:03,049 --> 00:33:00,899
Landing seen here again in the Orbiter

838
00:33:05,389 --> 00:33:03,059
image we actually landed on the rocks of

839
00:33:08,210 --> 00:33:05,399
the Jezreel crater floor and we weren't

840
00:33:10,070 --> 00:33:08,220
sure what to expect of these rocks there

841
00:33:12,710 --> 00:33:10,080
were different hypotheses thrown out by

842
00:33:16,190 --> 00:33:12,720
scientists are they igneous or volcanic

843
00:33:18,350 --> 00:33:16,200
rocks formed from magma or or lava flows

844
00:33:20,690 --> 00:33:18,360
or were they sedimentary rocks after all

845
00:33:22,909 --> 00:33:20,700
we are in a sedimentary Basin where we

846
00:33:24,409 --> 00:33:22,919
knew a lake was present and so we have

847
00:33:26,450 --> 00:33:24,419
this question and in this case the

848
00:33:28,310 --> 00:33:26,460
Orbiter data doesn't tell you very it

849
00:33:29,750 --> 00:33:28,320
doesn't tell you the whole story so we

850
00:33:31,370 --> 00:33:29,760
went into this thinking you know you

851
00:33:32,750 --> 00:33:31,380
could probably split the the team in

852
00:33:34,370 --> 00:33:32,760
half those who thought it was going to

853
00:33:35,509 --> 00:33:34,380
be were going to be igneous and those

854
00:33:37,789 --> 00:33:35,519
who thought the Rocks were going to be

855
00:33:39,350 --> 00:33:37,799
sedimentary so the first couple of of

856
00:33:41,090 --> 00:33:39,360
months of the mission we were left

857
00:33:43,549 --> 00:33:41,100
scratching our heads about this this

858
00:33:45,950 --> 00:33:43,559
question uh the Rocks weren't giving us

859
00:33:47,930 --> 00:33:45,960
many Clues they were Dusty their natural

860
00:33:50,269 --> 00:33:47,940
surfaces were obscuring the kind of

861
00:33:52,430 --> 00:33:50,279
textures you would typically use to

862
00:33:53,570 --> 00:33:52,440
interpret the origin of the Rocks but by

863
00:33:55,430 --> 00:33:53,580
the time we got down to the look

864
00:33:57,049 --> 00:33:55,440
Education marked here at rubion which

865
00:33:59,029 --> 00:33:57,059
Jennifer talked about the first place we

866
00:34:01,310 --> 00:33:59,039
we took our sample we had the

867
00:34:03,769 --> 00:34:01,320
opportunity to actually scrape through

868
00:34:05,930 --> 00:34:03,779
the the natural surface of the rock to

869
00:34:08,089 --> 00:34:05,940
see what lied beneath and so if we bring

870
00:34:10,310 --> 00:34:08,099
up the next slide this is

871
00:34:12,470 --> 00:34:10,320
um yeah so this is our first abrasion

872
00:34:15,710 --> 00:34:12,480
and Jennifer mentioned that these rocks

873
00:34:17,930 --> 00:34:15,720
uh have interacted uh and have been

874
00:34:19,790 --> 00:34:17,940
altered and weathered and that's exactly

875
00:34:21,649 --> 00:34:19,800
what we saw here as well you can see

876
00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:21,659
those holes and those are holes in the

877
00:34:26,329 --> 00:34:23,820
Rock and not just caused by wind

878
00:34:28,369 --> 00:34:26,339
particle or sand particles blasting the

879
00:34:30,710 --> 00:34:28,379
rock these are actually inside the rock

880
00:34:32,690 --> 00:34:30,720
suggesting that water has moved through

881
00:34:35,030 --> 00:34:32,700
this rock and eaten away parts of that

882
00:34:37,190 --> 00:34:35,040
rock but when we looked at this texture

883
00:34:40,069 --> 00:34:37,200
this variation of light and dark

884
00:34:42,649 --> 00:34:40,079
minerals this is pretty Diagnostic and

885
00:34:44,990 --> 00:34:42,659
conclusive for an igneous rock and we

886
00:34:47,629 --> 00:34:45,000
think it was formed by volcanic lava

887
00:34:49,369 --> 00:34:47,639
flows and and so the but the other neat

888
00:34:50,869 --> 00:34:49,379
thing about this in the where we start

889
00:34:53,030 --> 00:34:50,879
to think about habitability and

890
00:34:54,710 --> 00:34:53,040
astrobiology potential is that some of

891
00:34:56,930 --> 00:34:54,720
those light colored minerals you see

892
00:34:59,690 --> 00:34:56,940
there those are salt minerals and those

893
00:35:01,849 --> 00:34:59,700
only form by precipitating out of water

894
00:35:03,650 --> 00:35:01,859
moving through these rocks so while we

895
00:35:05,690 --> 00:35:03,660
don't typically think of volcanic or

896
00:35:07,370 --> 00:35:05,700
igneous rocks as the prime place to look

897
00:35:09,890 --> 00:35:07,380
for signs of ancient life at least here

898
00:35:11,510 --> 00:35:09,900
on Earth given that water has moved

899
00:35:14,210 --> 00:35:11,520
through these rocks there might have

900
00:35:15,890 --> 00:35:14,220
been habitable niches in this rock that

901
00:35:18,650 --> 00:35:15,900
capable of supporting signs of ancient

902
00:35:21,349 --> 00:35:18,660
life and so that's pretty exciting to

903
00:35:24,650 --> 00:35:21,359
find igneous rocks here those are great

904
00:35:27,050 --> 00:35:24,660
rocks to to get age dates from and learn

905
00:35:28,849 --> 00:35:27,060
about processes in the interior of Mars

906
00:35:31,010 --> 00:35:28,859
as well as to have this potential

907
00:35:33,890 --> 00:35:31,020
habitability aspect of these rocks as

908
00:35:36,589 --> 00:35:33,900
well and so so really exciting to have

909
00:35:38,690 --> 00:35:36,599
this kind of Discovery and and to answer

910
00:35:40,250 --> 00:35:38,700
that question volcanic or sedimentary we

911
00:35:41,829 --> 00:35:40,260
answered that in the in the first year

912
00:35:44,150 --> 00:35:41,839
of the mission

913
00:35:47,329 --> 00:35:44,160
that's amazing to have those answers

914
00:35:48,829 --> 00:35:47,339
already so taking those answers

915
00:35:50,810 --> 00:35:48,839
because science is always about what's

916
00:35:52,490 --> 00:35:50,820
the next question what can this teach us

917
00:35:54,710 --> 00:35:52,500
where can we go from here

918
00:35:55,970 --> 00:35:54,720
yeah so from a science and sampling

919
00:35:58,069 --> 00:35:55,980
perspective and as a reminder

920
00:36:01,010 --> 00:35:58,079
perseverance is on the surface to

921
00:36:04,190 --> 00:36:01,020
collect uh samples uh for possible

922
00:36:07,010 --> 00:36:04,200
return to Earth jezero has been a slam

923
00:36:09,710 --> 00:36:07,020
dunk we have from the surface even

924
00:36:11,690 --> 00:36:09,720
though we landed on the igneous rocks we

925
00:36:13,370 --> 00:36:11,700
had views of the sedimentary rocks that

926
00:36:15,829 --> 00:36:13,380
we know are are in the future of the

927
00:36:19,250 --> 00:36:15,839
Rover and that we're heading to soon but

928
00:36:22,069 --> 00:36:19,260
if we bring up uh slide 18 you'll see uh

929
00:36:23,810 --> 00:36:22,079
our current sample collection and so

930
00:36:26,870 --> 00:36:23,820
this is the collection of samples that

931
00:36:28,609 --> 00:36:26,880
are currently in inside the Rover uh

932
00:36:31,130 --> 00:36:28,619
getting ready in the future to

933
00:36:34,670 --> 00:36:31,140
potentially come back to earth and so we

934
00:36:36,530 --> 00:36:34,680
have a fantastic Suite of of rock

935
00:36:39,230 --> 00:36:36,540
samples that tell us again about the

936
00:36:42,230 --> 00:36:39,240
interior processes of a planet the the

937
00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:42,240
history of magma in the planet and

938
00:36:46,190 --> 00:36:43,920
perhaps erupting out on the surface as

939
00:36:47,810 --> 00:36:46,200
lava flows and then a history of the

940
00:36:49,790 --> 00:36:47,820
interaction of these rocks with water

941
00:36:51,890 --> 00:36:49,800
that might have created the potential

942
00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:51,900
for habitable environments as well as

943
00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:53,940
salt minerals that here on Earth we know

944
00:36:58,190 --> 00:36:55,920
are really good at preserving signs of

945
00:37:00,650 --> 00:36:58,200
ancient life here on Earth and the same

946
00:37:01,970 --> 00:37:00,660
could be true for Mars and so we've

947
00:37:03,410 --> 00:37:01,980
really hit it out of the park in this

948
00:37:05,450 --> 00:37:03,420
first year from a science perspective

949
00:37:07,250 --> 00:37:05,460
we've got sedimentary rocks we've got

950
00:37:09,710 --> 00:37:07,260
igneous rocks and jezers really come

951
00:37:13,970 --> 00:37:09,720
through on the diversity uh and the the

952
00:37:17,750 --> 00:37:16,310
wonderful so Nikki I know I've got more

953
00:37:19,010 --> 00:37:17,760
questions but what are they asking out

954
00:37:21,890 --> 00:37:19,020
there

955
00:37:25,010 --> 00:37:21,900
yeah so we've got a great question for

956
00:37:26,810 --> 00:37:25,020
Katie from Dan on Facebook specifically

957
00:37:28,730 --> 00:37:26,820
about what the core samples are telling

958
00:37:31,010 --> 00:37:28,740
us so have any of the drilled core

959
00:37:33,230 --> 00:37:31,020
samples produced any evidence of

960
00:37:35,270 --> 00:37:33,240
biological material or will we not know

961
00:37:37,550 --> 00:37:35,280
until they come back to earth

962
00:37:39,710 --> 00:37:37,560
yeah that's a great question and it's

963
00:37:43,010 --> 00:37:39,720
one that we think very carefully about

964
00:37:46,190 --> 00:37:43,020
the bar is really high for scientists on

965
00:37:47,750 --> 00:37:46,200
on Mars to make an assign to studying

966
00:37:49,790 --> 00:37:47,760
Mars to make an assessment of a

967
00:37:51,470 --> 00:37:49,800
potential bio signature

968
00:37:54,410 --> 00:37:51,480
um what I can say about some of these

969
00:37:56,810 --> 00:37:54,420
samples is that we have uh detected

970
00:37:58,430 --> 00:37:56,820
Organics like organic molecules and some

971
00:38:00,710 --> 00:37:58,440
of these samples and Organics are the

972
00:38:02,810 --> 00:38:00,720
building blocks of Life as We Know It

973
00:38:05,329 --> 00:38:02,820
And so there's nothing that we have yet

974
00:38:08,030 --> 00:38:05,339
determined to be conclusively biological

975
00:38:09,710 --> 00:38:08,040
in in the rocks that we've studied but

976
00:38:11,510 --> 00:38:09,720
fortunately with the potential for these

977
00:38:13,849 --> 00:38:11,520
rocks to come back to earth we can we

978
00:38:15,890 --> 00:38:13,859
can confirm that uh whether whether

979
00:38:18,050 --> 00:38:15,900
there are signs of ancient life here in

980
00:38:20,390 --> 00:38:18,060
these rocks so I think we are very much

981
00:38:23,150 --> 00:38:20,400
we very much collected a suite with the

982
00:38:25,430 --> 00:38:23,160
potential for that but we we haven't yet

983
00:38:28,250 --> 00:38:25,440
determined based on our data collected

984
00:38:29,630 --> 00:38:28,260
on the surface that any of these the

985
00:38:31,190 --> 00:38:29,640
things that we've found in these rocks

986
00:38:33,109 --> 00:38:31,200
or the Organics we found in these rocks

987
00:38:35,690 --> 00:38:33,119
could only have been formed by life

988
00:38:36,890 --> 00:38:35,700
we're not quite ready to say that um but

989
00:38:40,010 --> 00:38:36,900
fortunately we can answer that when

990
00:38:44,569 --> 00:38:42,109
there have been so many great questions

991
00:38:47,329 --> 00:38:44,579
so far so let's try to get as many as we

992
00:38:48,890 --> 00:38:47,339
possibly can let's bring Jennifer back

993
00:38:51,109 --> 00:38:48,900
in well I can have Katie and Jennifer

994
00:38:53,810 --> 00:38:51,119
both taking questions for for a little

995
00:38:56,630 --> 00:38:53,820
while uh we go what do we got Nikki

996
00:38:58,130 --> 00:38:56,640
yeah absolutely so uh for this question

997
00:39:00,349 --> 00:38:58,140
I'm going to ask Jennifer to start us

998
00:39:02,270 --> 00:39:00,359
off Joanne on Twitter wants to know what

999
00:39:04,690 --> 00:39:02,280
are your plans for the next year for

1000
00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:04,700
perseverance

1001
00:39:13,010 --> 00:39:10,800
months as I mentioned to be driving to

1002
00:39:16,130 --> 00:39:13,020
the Delta and so we're almost able to do

1003
00:39:18,230 --> 00:39:16,140
that and then we are going to spend a

1004
00:39:20,030 --> 00:39:18,240
year doing the Delta campaign in the

1005
00:39:22,190 --> 00:39:20,040
science Campaign which maybe Katie wants

1006
00:39:24,349 --> 00:39:22,200
to take that but the things we're doing

1007
00:39:25,910 --> 00:39:24,359
on the engineering side as well I said

1008
00:39:27,950 --> 00:39:25,920
we're upgrading and putting some more

1009
00:39:30,770 --> 00:39:27,960
autonomous capabilities on the Rover so

1010
00:39:34,190 --> 00:39:30,780
we're taking that first step of having

1011
00:39:36,589 --> 00:39:34,200
the Rover check its own energy and time

1012
00:39:38,990 --> 00:39:36,599
availability as a resource and if it has

1013
00:39:41,450 --> 00:39:39,000
more energy or more time at the end of a

1014
00:39:44,030 --> 00:39:41,460
saw which is a Martian day that we told

1015
00:39:46,069 --> 00:39:44,040
it to do it can actually pick from a set

1016
00:39:49,130 --> 00:39:46,079
of activities and keep going or it can

1017
00:39:50,810 --> 00:39:49,140
drive longer so we're getting ready to

1018
00:39:52,310 --> 00:39:50,820
to put some more of these autonomous

1019
00:39:54,650 --> 00:39:52,320
capabilities on which is very exciting

1020
00:39:56,630 --> 00:39:54,660
for me

1021
00:39:58,010 --> 00:39:56,640
that's great and Katie what about on the

1022
00:40:00,170 --> 00:39:58,020
science side what are we looking at for

1023
00:40:02,270 --> 00:40:00,180
the next year for perseverance

1024
00:40:05,510 --> 00:40:02,280
yeah so as Jennifer mentioned we are

1025
00:40:08,569 --> 00:40:05,520
just wrapping up our investigation of

1026
00:40:10,970 --> 00:40:08,579
the crater floor of Jezreel and we in

1027
00:40:13,130 --> 00:40:10,980
perhaps just another week or so we will

1028
00:40:15,470 --> 00:40:13,140
aim to collect another pair of samples

1029
00:40:17,569 --> 00:40:15,480
from what we think are these volcanic

1030
00:40:19,250 --> 00:40:17,579
rocks of the crater floor and then we

1031
00:40:20,930 --> 00:40:19,260
are hightailing it to the Delta as I

1032
00:40:23,329 --> 00:40:20,940
mentioned the Delta is our Prime

1033
00:40:25,309 --> 00:40:23,339
exploration Target within Jezreel and

1034
00:40:28,130 --> 00:40:25,319
perhaps the prime astrobiological target

1035
00:40:29,750 --> 00:40:28,140
within Jezreel and so at the delsa we

1036
00:40:31,309 --> 00:40:29,760
are really excited to transition from

1037
00:40:33,770 --> 00:40:31,319
the volcanic rocks we've been looking at

1038
00:40:36,109 --> 00:40:33,780
to this sedimentary rocks the sandstones

1039
00:40:38,569 --> 00:40:36,119
the mud Stones the conglomerates and one

1040
00:40:40,970 --> 00:40:38,579
of the neat things about a Delta is that

1041
00:40:43,089 --> 00:40:40,980
it has the it what it does is you have

1042
00:40:46,190 --> 00:40:43,099
rivers from outside the crater

1043
00:40:48,230 --> 00:40:46,200
collecting rocks and boulders from some

1044
00:40:50,390 --> 00:40:48,240
of the ancient most ancient old oldest

1045
00:40:52,069 --> 00:40:50,400
crust on Mars and bringing it to us

1046
00:40:54,950 --> 00:40:52,079
bringing it to the Rover so we don't

1047
00:40:56,870 --> 00:40:54,960
have to Rove for kilometers outside to

1048
00:40:59,270 --> 00:40:56,880
actually see the rocks of the crust of

1049
00:41:01,010 --> 00:40:59,280
Mars they come to us and that's again

1050
00:41:03,530 --> 00:41:01,020
the great thing about Adele this so

1051
00:41:05,510 --> 00:41:03,540
we're expecting to have the diversity of

1052
00:41:07,490 --> 00:41:05,520
the Martian Crest here in the Delta for

1053
00:41:09,829 --> 00:41:07,500
us to explore as well as those

1054
00:41:12,170 --> 00:41:09,839
fine-grained layered sedimentary rocks

1055
00:41:15,290 --> 00:41:12,180
that may be the key to finding ancient

1056
00:41:17,270 --> 00:41:15,300
biosignatures on Mars

1057
00:41:18,470 --> 00:41:17,280
that's awesome thank you for sharing

1058
00:41:20,089 --> 00:41:18,480
that it sounds like you've got a full

1059
00:41:22,329 --> 00:41:20,099
year ahead of you one full year done

1060
00:41:25,790 --> 00:41:22,339
another full year to celebrate in a year

1061
00:41:28,970 --> 00:41:25,800
we've had a ton of questions about the

1062
00:41:31,010 --> 00:41:28,980
geology of Mars so Katie I want to ask

1063
00:41:33,589 --> 00:41:31,020
you Robin on Facebook has asked how

1064
00:41:36,109 --> 00:41:33,599
geologically active is Mars today and

1065
00:41:38,750 --> 00:41:36,119
Benjamin also wants to know from

1066
00:41:40,970 --> 00:41:38,760
LinkedIn are there any minerals we found

1067
00:41:42,770 --> 00:41:40,980
unlike Earth

1068
00:41:46,250 --> 00:41:42,780
yeah those are two really great

1069
00:41:48,290 --> 00:41:46,260
questions and while I typically don't

1070
00:41:51,170 --> 00:41:48,300
think of Mars as being the most active

1071
00:41:53,450 --> 00:41:51,180
geological geologically today there are

1072
00:41:55,130 --> 00:41:53,460
actual processes happening right now

1073
00:41:56,809 --> 00:41:55,140
they're they're just not the ones that

1074
00:41:59,630 --> 00:41:56,819
we necessarily see preserved in the Rock

1075
00:42:01,670 --> 00:41:59,640
record so the wind blows on Mars we know

1076
00:42:04,010 --> 00:42:01,680
that impact craters are still forming on

1077
00:42:07,550 --> 00:42:04,020
Mars Mars has its a very active

1078
00:42:10,130 --> 00:42:07,560
atmospheric in processes occur and and

1079
00:42:12,650 --> 00:42:10,140
the environment is very Dynamic uh and

1080
00:42:14,630 --> 00:42:12,660
very different than our own Planet but

1081
00:42:16,970 --> 00:42:14,640
from the perspective of things like

1082
00:42:19,790 --> 00:42:16,980
water at the surface and and volcanism

1083
00:42:22,010 --> 00:42:19,800
you know that part of Mars history is in

1084
00:42:23,690 --> 00:42:22,020
the very distant past but there is a

1085
00:42:25,609 --> 00:42:23,700
modern environment that is still very

1086
00:42:27,530 --> 00:42:25,619
active and and we have instruments on

1087
00:42:29,450 --> 00:42:27,540
perseverance and scientists who are

1088
00:42:32,030 --> 00:42:29,460
studying the the present day active

1089
00:42:34,670 --> 00:42:32,040
environment of Mars in terms of the

1090
00:42:36,770 --> 00:42:34,680
minerals there have been other places on

1091
00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:36,780
on Mars where we have detected minerals

1092
00:42:41,809 --> 00:42:38,880
that are quite rare on Earth and and

1093
00:42:43,430 --> 00:42:41,819
very specialized places uh so far here

1094
00:42:45,530 --> 00:42:43,440
in jezro the minerals have been very

1095
00:42:47,630 --> 00:42:45,540
familiar and I mentioned the the

1096
00:42:49,670 --> 00:42:47,640
interesting dichotomy of a familiar but

1097
00:42:52,130 --> 00:42:49,680
alien world and and so far from a

1098
00:42:53,870 --> 00:42:52,140
mineral perspective Jezreel has been

1099
00:42:55,309 --> 00:42:53,880
very familiar we've had the same kind of

1100
00:42:58,370 --> 00:42:55,319
minerals in these rocks that we expect

1101
00:43:01,130 --> 00:42:58,380
in lava rocks on Earth basalt rocks we

1102
00:43:02,809 --> 00:43:01,140
have pyroxine plagi Clays and and we

1103
00:43:04,670 --> 00:43:02,819
have Olivine the interesting thing about

1104
00:43:07,309 --> 00:43:04,680
about Olivine we have rocks here in

1105
00:43:09,230 --> 00:43:07,319
Jezreel with a lot of Olivine and

1106
00:43:12,109 --> 00:43:09,240
Olivine is a mineral that crystallizes

1107
00:43:13,849 --> 00:43:12,119
directly out of a magma and it's pretty

1108
00:43:16,730 --> 00:43:13,859
rare to find rocks on Earth that are

1109
00:43:19,130 --> 00:43:16,740
really rich in Olivine but here on on

1110
00:43:21,890 --> 00:43:19,140
Mars and in jezra we have a geologic

1111
00:43:23,809 --> 00:43:21,900
unit that is primarily made of Olivine

1112
00:43:26,450 --> 00:43:23,819
so that's a really interesting kind of

1113
00:43:27,890 --> 00:43:26,460
rock unit but so far very familiar as

1114
00:43:32,030 --> 00:43:27,900
well as the salt minerals that we've

1115
00:43:33,710 --> 00:43:32,040
seen so far halite sulfate minerals

1116
00:43:36,470 --> 00:43:33,720
those are very common here on Earth and

1117
00:43:40,010 --> 00:43:36,480
so so far the minerals of Jezreel have

1118
00:43:44,089 --> 00:43:42,170
well that's good to know that there's a

1119
00:43:46,550 --> 00:43:44,099
whole mix of more on the familiar side

1120
00:43:48,470 --> 00:43:46,560
but a little bit of Rare Minerals if you

1121
00:43:51,589 --> 00:43:48,480
will from Earth I want to switch over

1122
00:43:53,870 --> 00:43:51,599
Jennifer and ask you a question from

1123
00:43:56,750 --> 00:43:53,880
gunjan on LinkedIn who wants to know

1124
00:43:59,270 --> 00:43:56,760
what is the one area requiring the most

1125
00:44:02,690 --> 00:43:59,280
amount of repair or troubleshooting on

1126
00:44:08,510 --> 00:44:05,510
yeah the Rover has been fortunately very

1127
00:44:10,130 --> 00:44:08,520
well behaved my previous Rovers I would

1128
00:44:11,349 --> 00:44:10,140
say took more troubleshooting so I'm

1129
00:44:14,930 --> 00:44:11,359
thankful for that

1130
00:44:17,750 --> 00:44:14,940
we have a very complex sampling system

1131
00:44:20,690 --> 00:44:17,760
and the sampling system even though it

1132
00:44:23,750 --> 00:44:20,700
has worked really well we've had the

1133
00:44:25,790 --> 00:44:23,760
challenges with the Pebbles being stuck

1134
00:44:27,530 --> 00:44:25,800
in different regions and having to

1135
00:44:31,190 --> 00:44:27,540
remove those as well as that first

1136
00:44:33,890 --> 00:44:31,200
sample not being collected we've also

1137
00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:33,900
had um and so those were those were the

1138
00:44:37,730 --> 00:44:35,760
biggest challenges took us the most time

1139
00:44:40,130 --> 00:44:37,740
to figure out where we spend some time

1140
00:44:41,750 --> 00:44:40,140
really thinking on Earth we had a couple

1141
00:44:45,109 --> 00:44:41,760
other challenges we have some Hardware

1142
00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:45,119
that sometimes will get bit errors and

1143
00:44:49,370 --> 00:44:47,160
that may just be the radiation

1144
00:44:52,130 --> 00:44:49,380
environment or you know sometimes solar

1145
00:44:54,770 --> 00:44:52,140
weather can affect us so but in general

1146
00:44:57,290 --> 00:44:54,780
those are the challenges really we've

1147
00:44:58,670 --> 00:44:57,300
had some issues with that those rocks in

1148
00:45:00,109 --> 00:44:58,680
our sampling hardware and that's about

1149
00:45:09,050 --> 00:45:00,119
it

1150
00:45:11,030 --> 00:45:09,060
I will add one um just I'll speak for

1151
00:45:13,010 --> 00:45:11,040
Ingenuity but we've kind of you know

1152
00:45:14,750 --> 00:45:13,020
brought Ingenuity in where the

1153
00:45:17,569 --> 00:45:14,760
communication relay station for

1154
00:45:19,130 --> 00:45:17,579
Ingenuity and uh in January when we were

1155
00:45:21,349 --> 00:45:19,140
going through this issue with the rock

1156
00:45:24,770 --> 00:45:21,359
the Pebbles and the bit Carousel we had

1157
00:45:27,170 --> 00:45:24,780
un uh kind of non-standard dust storms

1158
00:45:29,569 --> 00:45:27,180
and those dust storms were they put some

1159
00:45:32,930 --> 00:45:29,579
dust on our has cams and they put some

1160
00:45:34,730 --> 00:45:32,940
dust in ingenuities rotors in a way that

1161
00:45:37,609 --> 00:45:34,740
uh the next time we try to spin those

1162
00:45:40,130 --> 00:45:37,619
rotors we saw that they that we had

1163
00:45:41,630 --> 00:45:40,140
um more drag than we intended and so we

1164
00:45:43,190 --> 00:45:41,640
actually had to clean those out a little

1165
00:45:45,170 --> 00:45:43,200
bit so that we could keep flying

1166
00:45:47,030 --> 00:45:45,180
Ingenuity but they're clean now and we

1167
00:45:50,030 --> 00:45:47,040
just finished another flight so it's

1168
00:45:51,650 --> 00:45:50,040
it's looking good as well

1169
00:45:52,849 --> 00:45:51,660
well thanks for that update as well how

1170
00:45:54,890 --> 00:45:52,859
did you know they were asking about

1171
00:45:58,010 --> 00:45:54,900
Ingenuity in the chat as well so thanks

1172
00:46:00,650 --> 00:45:58,020
for the update on how everybody

1173
00:46:04,370 --> 00:46:02,809
uh so Katie I'm gonna throw this one to

1174
00:46:08,089 --> 00:46:04,380
you we've gotten quite a few questions

1175
00:46:09,589 --> 00:46:08,099
about the Mars sample return Mission

1176
00:46:11,630 --> 00:46:09,599
um but this one in particular is from

1177
00:46:14,210 --> 00:46:11,640
Jordan on LinkedIn who wants to know

1178
00:46:17,150 --> 00:46:14,220
what would the procedures be to prevent

1179
00:46:19,190 --> 00:46:17,160
contamination of off-planet samples once

1180
00:46:21,829 --> 00:46:19,200
they are brought back

1181
00:46:23,930 --> 00:46:21,839
that is a great question and we have a

1182
00:46:25,250 --> 00:46:23,940
whole branch of of NASA that thinks

1183
00:46:27,050 --> 00:46:25,260
about that that's called planetary

1184
00:46:29,329 --> 00:46:27,060
protection and it's something that we

1185
00:46:31,130 --> 00:46:29,339
take very seriously you know it and it

1186
00:46:32,809 --> 00:46:31,140
starts to cross into the realm sometimes

1187
00:46:35,630 --> 00:46:32,819
of Science Fiction but again it is

1188
00:46:37,430 --> 00:46:35,640
something to to take seriously

1189
00:46:39,410 --> 00:46:37,440
um and and something we think about when

1190
00:46:42,290 --> 00:46:39,420
we bring samples from another world and

1191
00:46:44,809 --> 00:46:42,300
in a world that could possibly support

1192
00:46:45,710 --> 00:46:44,819
life and that we know or that we don't

1193
00:46:47,390 --> 00:46:45,720
know

1194
00:46:49,910 --> 00:46:47,400
um and so when we think about bringing

1195
00:46:51,710 --> 00:46:49,920
samples back to Earth we talk about bio

1196
00:46:53,569 --> 00:46:51,720
containment facilities and and having

1197
00:46:56,750 --> 00:46:53,579
the kind of facilities and Laboratories

1198
00:46:59,690 --> 00:46:56,760
here on Earth that we use to treat the

1199
00:47:01,430 --> 00:46:59,700
most sensitive uh biological things here

1200
00:47:02,990 --> 00:47:01,440
as well and so that's the kind of

1201
00:47:04,550 --> 00:47:03,000
facilities that we would develop and

1202
00:47:07,069 --> 00:47:04,560
that NASA is working with its

1203
00:47:09,829 --> 00:47:07,079
International Partners to develop to

1204
00:47:11,930 --> 00:47:09,839
support uh and house those samples when

1205
00:47:13,550 --> 00:47:11,940
we hope when we get them back so so

1206
00:47:15,230 --> 00:47:13,560
that's something that the NASA and its

1207
00:47:18,349 --> 00:47:15,240
partners are looking at and looking to

1208
00:47:19,970 --> 00:47:18,359
develop to make sure that that we stay

1209
00:47:22,069 --> 00:47:19,980
safe and that the same samples are safe

1210
00:47:24,109 --> 00:47:22,079
as well

1211
00:47:26,630 --> 00:47:24,119
thank goodness for planetary protection

1212
00:47:28,370 --> 00:47:26,640
I think we have time for only one more

1213
00:47:30,410 --> 00:47:28,380
question now I know there's been lots of

1214
00:47:31,730 --> 00:47:30,420
questions so thank you all so much who

1215
00:47:33,829 --> 00:47:31,740
have tuned in and asked your questions

1216
00:47:35,210 --> 00:47:33,839
in the chat tonight this one is for both

1217
00:47:38,390 --> 00:47:35,220
of you but I'm gonna have Jennifer start

1218
00:47:40,370 --> 00:47:38,400
us off summer on LinkedIn asks so many

1219
00:47:43,309 --> 00:47:40,380
cool things are going on what would you

1220
00:47:45,589 --> 00:47:43,319
tell a stem or creative student who

1221
00:47:47,510 --> 00:47:45,599
really wants to work at Nasa things they

1222
00:47:49,970 --> 00:47:47,520
should know also did you always want to

1223
00:47:51,950 --> 00:47:49,980
work at NASA

1224
00:47:54,410 --> 00:47:51,960
so I'll start with the second part

1225
00:47:57,910 --> 00:47:54,420
because I'm actually a farm girl from

1226
00:48:01,430 --> 00:47:57,920
Ohio and I spent my Summers as a

1227
00:48:03,349 --> 00:48:01,440
teenager in the field said sometimes we

1228
00:48:06,349 --> 00:48:03,359
were I was weeding the bean fields and I

1229
00:48:08,690 --> 00:48:06,359
was painting the barn roof and all these

1230
00:48:12,410 --> 00:48:08,700
great things and so I didn't necessarily

1231
00:48:14,750 --> 00:48:12,420
see myself as a NASA engineer however my

1232
00:48:17,210 --> 00:48:14,760
dad had worked in the missile industry

1233
00:48:19,309 --> 00:48:17,220
back in the Nike Zeus days and he had

1234
00:48:20,930 --> 00:48:19,319
some really cool stories and I just

1235
00:48:23,630 --> 00:48:20,940
thought oh that sounds adventurous so I

1236
00:48:26,150 --> 00:48:23,640
ended up going to MIT and and getting a

1237
00:48:28,910 --> 00:48:26,160
job at JPL which I just thought was the

1238
00:48:32,150 --> 00:48:28,920
coolest thing and so you know with that

1239
00:48:35,990 --> 00:48:32,160
background one thing I will say is if

1240
00:48:38,390 --> 00:48:36,000
you work hard and are passionate about

1241
00:48:40,490 --> 00:48:38,400
what you're working hard on and you just

1242
00:48:42,890 --> 00:48:40,500
you know you persevere through your

1243
00:48:44,510 --> 00:48:42,900
challenges and you have Ingenuity on the

1244
00:48:46,549 --> 00:48:44,520
things you're trying to solve you know

1245
00:48:49,490 --> 00:48:46,559
you could be a farm girl from Ohio who

1246
00:48:51,230 --> 00:48:49,500
didn't know what NASA was and you can be

1247
00:48:53,450 --> 00:48:51,240
the project manager of the perseverance

1248
00:48:55,849 --> 00:48:53,460
Rover so I you know there really are no

1249
00:48:59,630 --> 00:48:55,859
limits and then the other thing I would

1250
00:49:01,549 --> 00:48:59,640
say is um you know don't do is just try

1251
00:49:04,490 --> 00:49:01,559
different things there are lots of ways

1252
00:49:06,349 --> 00:49:04,500
you can be involved in the program and

1253
00:49:08,030 --> 00:49:06,359
working for NASA and these missions you

1254
00:49:10,190 --> 00:49:08,040
can you know get into the science like

1255
00:49:12,470 --> 00:49:10,200
Katie you can do the engineering and

1256
00:49:14,750 --> 00:49:12,480
autonomy like me you can do the media

1257
00:49:16,370 --> 00:49:14,760
and Outreach right like Brian and the

1258
00:49:18,770 --> 00:49:16,380
other folks here there's so many videos

1259
00:49:21,530 --> 00:49:18,780
and and taking all these images and

1260
00:49:22,849 --> 00:49:21,540
doing Productions and and even we have

1261
00:49:25,730 --> 00:49:22,859
this great partnership with Hollywood

1262
00:49:27,950 --> 00:49:25,740
where you know they help take our

1263
00:49:30,170 --> 00:49:27,960
messages a little bit more clearly to

1264
00:49:31,370 --> 00:49:30,180
the public than sometimes we can do and

1265
00:49:33,530 --> 00:49:31,380
so

1266
00:49:35,569 --> 00:49:33,540
um you know I don't know what part of it

1267
00:49:38,270 --> 00:49:35,579
you'd like to do but there are so many

1268
00:49:41,809 --> 00:49:38,280
options and opportunities for you to be

1269
00:49:44,630 --> 00:49:41,819
a part of exploration

1270
00:49:46,010 --> 00:49:44,640
that is some great advice Jennifer and I

1271
00:49:47,870 --> 00:49:46,020
want to give Katie a chance to answer

1272
00:49:49,190 --> 00:49:47,880
that too especially because before we

1273
00:49:50,870 --> 00:49:49,200
came on this call Katie was talking

1274
00:49:52,849 --> 00:49:50,880
about how much fun she has working as

1275
00:49:54,049 --> 00:49:52,859
part of the perseverance team so Katie

1276
00:49:55,370 --> 00:49:54,059
what advice do you have for students and

1277
00:49:56,510 --> 00:49:55,380
did you always know you wanted to do

1278
00:49:59,210 --> 00:49:56,520
this

1279
00:50:00,829 --> 00:49:59,220
yeah so I I I've always been interested

1280
00:50:03,829 --> 00:50:00,839
in and even going back when I was a kid

1281
00:50:05,750 --> 00:50:03,839
I was always fascinated by things beyond

1282
00:50:07,849 --> 00:50:05,760
our own planet and for a long time I

1283
00:50:09,710 --> 00:50:07,859
thought it was stars and black holes and

1284
00:50:13,130 --> 00:50:09,720
galaxies and astronomy was really where

1285
00:50:15,049 --> 00:50:13,140
my focus was and I would always look

1286
00:50:17,569 --> 00:50:15,059
forward to going to museums on school

1287
00:50:19,069 --> 00:50:17,579
field trips and seeing planetarium shows

1288
00:50:21,770 --> 00:50:19,079
and that type of thing so I've always

1289
00:50:24,410 --> 00:50:21,780
had an interest in that but it it didn't

1290
00:50:26,630 --> 00:50:24,420
really crisp up uh in in working for

1291
00:50:28,370 --> 00:50:26,640
NASA until much later and I think it was

1292
00:50:30,650 --> 00:50:28,380
a series of decisions I made like

1293
00:50:32,569 --> 00:50:30,660
Jennifer suggested suggested trying new

1294
00:50:34,910 --> 00:50:32,579
things and following your passion kind

1295
00:50:36,829 --> 00:50:34,920
of led me here and and I even in

1296
00:50:40,010 --> 00:50:36,839
graduate school I I didn't know I wanted

1297
00:50:41,630 --> 00:50:40,020
to do this kind of work and I I was

1298
00:50:43,490 --> 00:50:41,640
lucky and the timing was good I found

1299
00:50:46,190 --> 00:50:43,500
myself on the Curiosity Rover that

1300
00:50:48,650 --> 00:50:46,200
Jennifer also helped to lead and I

1301
00:50:50,089 --> 00:50:48,660
realized wow I love this work working at

1302
00:50:52,250 --> 00:50:50,099
the intersection of science and

1303
00:50:54,890 --> 00:50:52,260
engineering and having new problems to

1304
00:50:57,230 --> 00:50:54,900
solve every day uh was just so exciting

1305
00:50:59,210 --> 00:50:57,240
to me and so I I kind of fell into this

1306
00:51:01,490 --> 00:50:59,220
through a series of decisions and and

1307
00:51:04,010 --> 00:51:01,500
following my my interests in terms of

1308
00:51:05,809 --> 00:51:04,020
advice that I would give especially as a

1309
00:51:08,569 --> 00:51:05,819
scientist I think the most important

1310
00:51:10,309 --> 00:51:08,579
thing is to ask questions and and by

1311
00:51:12,710 --> 00:51:10,319
asking questions about

1312
00:51:14,630 --> 00:51:12,720
your everyday life your surroundings the

1313
00:51:16,370 --> 00:51:14,640
things people say that's how you can be

1314
00:51:18,109 --> 00:51:16,380
an everyday scientist because that's

1315
00:51:20,150 --> 00:51:18,119
really what being a scientist is all

1316
00:51:21,589 --> 00:51:20,160
about is asking questions and then

1317
00:51:24,710 --> 00:51:21,599
trying to seek the answers to those

1318
00:51:27,470 --> 00:51:24,720
questions and and anybody can do it any

1319
00:51:29,569 --> 00:51:27,480
age any place on any topic we can be

1320
00:51:31,490 --> 00:51:29,579
everyday scientists and so that's what I

1321
00:51:32,870 --> 00:51:31,500
encourage folks to just ask as many

1322
00:51:35,510 --> 00:51:32,880
questions as you can and there's no such

1323
00:51:37,309 --> 00:51:35,520
thing as a bad question so don't be shy

1324
00:51:38,569 --> 00:51:37,319
about it and just go for it if you if

1325
00:51:41,270 --> 00:51:38,579
you don't get something there's a good

1326
00:51:42,770 --> 00:51:41,280
chance someone else doesn't either so uh

1327
00:51:46,250 --> 00:51:42,780
just go out there and ask ask questions

1328
00:51:48,650 --> 00:51:46,260
and question what what is around you

1329
00:51:49,309 --> 00:51:48,660
that's such great advice

1330
00:51:50,809 --> 00:51:49,319
um

1331
00:51:53,089 --> 00:51:50,819
that's all the time we have for tonight

1332
00:51:55,010 --> 00:51:53,099
I want to remind you all to join us next

1333
00:51:56,870 --> 00:51:55,020
month for when we talk about it's uh

1334
00:51:59,630 --> 00:51:56,880
called Moondance dynamics of the moons

1335
00:52:01,130 --> 00:51:59,640
of the outer solar system but before we

1336
00:52:02,690 --> 00:52:01,140
say goodbye I'd like to thank our

1337
00:52:04,910 --> 00:52:02,700
speakers Jennifer Trosper and Katie

1338
00:52:07,190 --> 00:52:04,920
stack Morgan for taking the time today

1339
00:52:09,410 --> 00:52:07,200
to share their passion and their

1340
00:52:10,790 --> 00:52:09,420
expertise with us this evening I just

1341
00:52:12,290 --> 00:52:10,800
want to thank Nikki and everyone behind

1342
00:52:14,870 --> 00:52:12,300
the scenes who make these talks possible

1343
00:52:17,329 --> 00:52:14,880
and finally a big thank you to all of

1344
00:52:19,490 --> 00:52:17,339
you who join us every month

1345
00:52:22,609 --> 00:52:19,500
we can't do this without you so stay

1346
00:52:25,250 --> 00:52:22,619
safe stay kind stay curious and we'll